For a technician version of this course which focuses on the practical rather than the idea, expertise rather than theory, and on algebra rather than calculus, see the Electronics wikibook.The next course would be one focused on modeling linear systems and analyzing them digitally in preparation for a digital signal ( DSP) processing course. The goal is set the ground work for a transition to the digital version of these concepts from a firm basis in the physical world. The class ends with application of these concepts in Power Analysis, Filters, Control systems. Kirchhoff's laws receive normal focus, but the other circuit analysis/simplification techniques receive less than a normal attention. The result is a linear analysis experience that is general in nature but skips Laplace and Fourier transforms. A phasor/calculus based approach starts at the very beginning and ends with the convolution integral to handle all the various types of forcing functions. The goal is to emphasize Kirchhoff and symbolic algebra systems such as MuPAD, Mathematica or Sage at the expense of analysis methods such as node, mesh, and Norton equivalent. This book will cover linear circuits, and linear circuit elements. This book will expect the reader to have a firm understanding of Calculus specifically, and will not stop to explain the fundamental topics in Calculus.įor information on Calculus, see the wikibook: Calculus. This leaves time for a more intuitive understanding of poles, zeros, transfer functions, and Bode plot interpretation.įor those who have already had differential equations, the Laplace transform equivalent will be presented as an alternative while focusing on phasors and calculus. Sinusoidal is then replaced by the more simple step function and then the convolution integral is used to find an analytical solution to any driving function. 1st and 2nd order differential equations can be solved using phasors and calculus if the driving functions are sinusoidal. Phasors are used to avoid the Laplace transform of driving functions while maintaining a complex impedance transform of the physical circuit that is identical in both. It is assumed that students are in a Differential Equations class at the same time. A biconvex lens is called a converging lens.This is designed for a first course in Circuit Analysis which is usually accompanied by a set of labs. Parallel rays of light can be focused in to a focal point. This is the kind of lens used for a magnifying glass. There are two kinds of lens.Ī biconvex lens is thicker at the middle than it is at the edges. LensesĪ lens is simply a curved block of glass or plastic. The light bends away from the normal line.Ī higher refractive index shows that light will slow down and change direction more as it enters the substance. If light travels enters into a substance with a lower refractive index (such as from water into air) it speeds up. If light enters any substance with a higher refractive index (such as from air into glass) it slows down. Refractive index of some transparent substancesĪll angles are measured from an imaginary line drawn at 90° to the surface of the two substances This line is drawn as a dotted line and is called the normal. On the other hand, if the light is entering the new substance from straight on (at 90° to the surface), the light will still slow down, but it won’t change direction at all. Angle of the incident ray – if the light is entering the substance at a greater angle, the amount of refraction will also be more noticeable.Change in speed – if a substance causes the light to speed up or slow down more, it will refract (bend) more.The amount of bending depends on two things:
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